Alkoholbruk og alkoholkultur blant ansatte i et forvaltningsorgan i Rogaland: En case-rapport fra forskningsprosjektet WIRUS
Keywords:
alkohol, alkoholkultur, alkoholbruk, WIRUSSynopsis
Bakgrunn: WIRUS er et nasjonalt forskningsprosjekt om alkohol, arbeidsliv, sykefravær, sykenærvær og arbeidsplassbaserte intervensjoner. Prosjektet består av flere delstudier. Én av disse er en screeningstudie der ansatte i ulike virksomheter, på tvers av sektorer og bransjer, svarer på et spørreskjema som handler om bl.a. alkoholbruk, holdninger til arbeidsrelatert alkoholbruk og forventninger til virkninger av alkoholbruk.
Én av virksomhetene som deltar i WIRUS er et forvaltningsorgan i Rogaland. I denne rapporten presenteres resultater fra spørreundersøkelsen blant ansatte i denne virksomheten.
Målet med denne rapporten er å beskrive alkoholbruk, holdninger til arbeidsrelatert alkoholbruk og forventninger til virkninger av alkoholbruk blant ansatte i virksomheten. Alkoholbruk er kartlagt ved hjelp av Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), som er utviklet av Verdens helseorganisasjon (WHO). Virksomhetens resultater sammenliknes med de øvrige virksomhetene i WIRUS, og også resultater fra en tidligere utført befolkningsstudie i Norge. Rapporten kan brukes som et kunnskapsgrunnlag for arbeid med alkoholpolicy på arbeidsplassen, og for situasjoner i gråsonen mellom jobb og fritid.
Resultatene for alkoholbruk viser at virksomhetens ansatte i gjennomsnitt rapporterte et noe høyere alkoholbruk enn ansatte i de øvrige virksomhetene i WIRUS (4,31 mot 4,00 av 40 mulige poeng på AUDIT-skalaen). Forskjellen var statistisk signifikant. Forekomsten av risikofylt alkoholbruk blant de ansatte var også noe høyere i virksomheten (12,5 %) enn hva som er funnet i de øvrige WIRUS-virksomhetene (11,4 %), men likevel lavere enn hva tidligere forskning har funnet i den generelle norske befolkningen (16,9 %). Forskjellen i andel risikodrikkere mellom virksomheten og de øvrige WIRUS-virksomhetene er imidlertid ikke statistisk signifikant. Virksomhetens ansatte rapporterte å ha noe mer positive (liberale) holdninger til arbeidsrelatert alkoholbruk enn ansatte i de øvrige WIRUS-virksomhetene (2,26 mot 2,14 av 4 poeng). Forskjellen var statistisk signifikant. Virksomhetens ansatte rapporterte også om marginalt mer positive forventninger til virkninger av alkoholbruk enn ansatte i de øvrige WIRUS-virksomhetene (1,80 mot 1,74 av 4 poeng), men denne forskjellen var ikke statistisk signifikant.
Konklusjon og anbefalinger: Resultatene fra denne undersøkelsen tyder på at virksomhetens ansatte hadde noe høyere alkoholforbruk og noe mer positive (liberale) holdninger til jobbrelatert alkoholbruk enn alle ansatte i virksomhetene som deltar i WIRUS-prosjektet. Forekomsten av risikofylt alkoholbruk og forventninger til virkninger av alkoholbruk var imidlertid ikke signifikant forskjellig. Det var også svært få ansatte med høy risiko i virksomheten, og ingen som skåret ut med trolig avhengighet. Denne undersøkelsen gir i så måte ikke grunnlag for å anbefale særskilte tiltak for denne virksomheten, utover det som generelt kan betraktes som hensiktsmessig alkoholforebyggende arbeid i arbeidslivet.
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Ames, G. M., & Janes, C. (1992). A cultural approach to conceptualizing alcohol and the workplace. Alcohol Health and Research World, 16(2), 112-119.
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Bacharach, S. B., Bamberger, P., & Biron, M. (2010). Alcohol consumption and workplace absenteeism: The moderating effect of social support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 334-348.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018018
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https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1987.48.483
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https://doi.org/10.1002/bs.3830330104
Cooper, M. L., Russell, M., & Frone, M. R. (1990). Work stress and alcohol effects: A test of stress-induced drinking. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 31(3), 260.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2136891
Frøyland, K. (2014). Arbeidsliv og rus: Kunnskapsstatus anno 2005. Oslo: Arbeidsforskningsintituttet.
https://doi.org/10.7577/afi/notat/2005:3
Greenfield, S. F., Brooks, A. J., Gordon, S. M., Green, C. A., Kropp, F., McHugh, R. K., … Miele, G. M. (2007). Substance abuse treatment entry, retention, and outcome in women: A review of the literature. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 86(1), 1-21.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.05.012
Griswold, M. G., Fullman, N., Hawley, C., Arian, N., Zimsen, S. R., Tymeson, H. D., … Abate, K. H. (2018). Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet, 392(10152), 1015-1035.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2
Halkjelsvik, T., & Storvoll, E. (2014). Andel av befolkningen med et risikofylt alkoholkonsum målt gjennom Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 32(1), 61-67.
https://doi.org/10.1515/nsad-2015-0008
Hashemi, N. S., Thørrisen, M. M., Skogen, J. C., Sagvaag, H., de Porras, D. G. R., & Aas, R. W. (2020). Gender differences in the association between positive drinking attitudes and alcohol-related problems. The WIRUS study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16).
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165949
Henderson, M., Hutcheson, G., & Davies, J. (1996). Alcohol and the workplace. København, Danmark: Verdens helseorganisasjon.
Howland, J., Mangione, T. W., Kuhlthau, K., Bell, N., Heeren, T., Lee, M., & Levine, S. (1996). Work-site variation in managerial drinking. Addiction, 91(7), 1007-1017.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03597.x
Janlert, U., & Hammarström, A. (1992). Alcohol consumption among unemployed youths: results from a prospective study. Addiction, 87(5), 703-714.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02716.x
Kaner, E. F., Beyer, F. R., Muirhead, C., Campbell, F., Pienaar, E. D., Bertholet, N., Daeppen, J. B., Saunders, J. B., & Burnand, B. (2018). Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2(2).
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004148.pub4
Kawakami, N., Haratani, T., Hemmi, T., & Araki, S. (1992). Prevalence and demographic correlates of alcohol-related problems in Japanese employees. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 27(4), 198-202.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00789006
Keenan, K., Saburova, L., Bobrova, N., Elbourne, D., Ashwin, S., & Leon, D. A. (2015). Social factors influencing Russian male alcohol use over the life course: a qualitative study investigating age based social norms, masculinity, and workplace context. PLoS ONE, 10(11).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142993
Kjærheim, K., Mykletun, R., Aasland, O. R., Haldorsen, T., & Andersen, A. (1995). Heavy drinking in the restaurant business: The role of social modelling and structural factors of the workplace. Addiction, 90(11), 1487-1495.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1995.tb02811.x
Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., … Kok, C. (2012). A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet, 380(9859), 2224-2260.
Marchand, A., Parent-Lamarche, A., & Blanc, M. E. (2011). Work and high-risk alcohol consumption in the Canadian workforce. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(7), 2692-2705.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8072692
Mathiesen, E. F., Nome, S., Richter, J., & Eisemann, M. (2013). Alcohol use patterns in a Norwegian general population-based sample with special reference to socio-demographic variables. Journal of Public Health, 21(3), 241-249.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-012-0541-8
de Meneses-Gaya, C., Zuardi, A. W., Loureiro, S. R., & Crippa, J. A. S. (2009). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): An updated systematic review of psychometric properties. Psychology & Neuroscience, 2(1), 83-97.
https://doi.org/10.3922/j.psns.2009.1.12
Moan, I. S., & Halkjelsvik, T. (2016). Alkohol og arbeidsliv. En undersøkelse blant norske arbeidstakere. Oslo: Folkehelseinstituttet.
Moan, I. S., & Halkjelsvik, T. (2019). Alkohol og arbeidsliv II. Bruk, konsekvenser og retningslinjer ved ulike typer arbeidsplasser i Norge. Oslo: Folkehelseinstituttet.
Murphy, A., Roberts, B., McGowan, C., Kizilova, K., Kizilov, A., Rhodes, T., & McKee, M. (2015). One for all: Workplace social context and drinking among railway workers in Ukraine. Global Public Health, 10(3), 391-409.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2014.979856
Myrtveit, S. M., Askeland, K. G., Knudsen, A. K., Knapstad, M., Olsen, R., Nedregård, T., & Skogen, J. C. (2016). Risky drinking among Norwegian students: Associations with participation in the introductory week, academic performance and alcohol-related attitudes. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 33(4), 361-380.
https://doi.org/10.1515/nsad-2016-0031
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2016, 29. februar). Drinking levels defined. Nedlastet fra http://www.niaaa.nih.gov
Nesvåg, S., & Duckert, F. (2017). Work-related drinking and processes of social integration and marginalization in two Norwegian workplaces. Culture and Organization, 23(3), 157-176.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14759551.2015.1021800
Nesvåg, S., & Lie, T. (2004). Rusmiddelbruk blant ansatte i norsk privat arbeidsliv. Nordisk Alkohol- og Narkotikatidsskrift, 21(2), 91-100.
Nordaune, K., Skarpaas, L. S., Sagvaag, H., Haveraaen, L., Rimstad, S., Kinn, L. G., & Aas, R. W. (2017). Who initiates and organises situations for work-related alcohol use? The WIRUS culture study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 45(8), 749-756.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817704109
O'Donnell, P., Anderson, P., Newbury-Birch, D., Schulte, B., Schmidt, C., Reimer, J., & Kaner, E. (2014). The impact of brief alcohol interventions in primary healthcare: a systematic review of reviews. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 49(1), 66-78.
https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agt170
Reine, I., Novo, M., & Hammarström, A. (2013). Unemployment and ill health - A gender analysis: Results from a 14-year follow-up of the northern Swedish cohort. Public Health, 127(3), 214-222.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2012.12.005
Reinert, D. F., & Allen, J. P. (2007). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: An update of research findings. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(2), 185-199.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00295.x
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October 18, 2021
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