Fuel Cell Powered Drone: Use of Fuel Cells to Extend Multirotor Drone Endurance
Keywords:
unmanned aerial systems, fuel cells, multirotor drone endurance, fuel cell-based propulsion systems, aviationSynopsis
Unmanned aerial systems can be used for a range of industrial applications to reduce risk, cost, and time. Fuel cell-based propulsion systems are outlined as a solution to extend mission endurance, one of the current main barriers for further adoption. This coincides with a general societal push towards more sustainable aviation and the use of fuel cells and hydrogen as important zero-emission enablers.
In this thesis, results from research about the use of fuel cells to extend multirotor drone flight endurance are presented. This application entails certain challenges compared to fixed-wing drones, which has been the scope of most previous research. The research explores the performance threshold between batteries and a fuel cell-based propulsion system, the prospects of further adoption, and how the performance can be improved.
A prototype fuel cell system is developed and integrated into an X8 multirotor drone with a take-off mass of 21 kg and flight-tested. The specific energy on a power plant level was 243 Wh/kg, and the gross endurance for the current system is estimated to be 76 minutes, a 90% increase from the comparable endurance of the battery-powered alternative. The performance of the 2 kW fuel cell hybrid system is characterized in laboratory testing and exposed to relevant load profiles with a peak load of 2.8 kW.
This is one of few independent third-party multirotor drone integrations of a fuel cell-based propulsion system. Based on experimental data from laboratory testing and full-scale flight in a realistic operating environment, a unique overview of associated challenges and further work is provided. As there is little published research on this topic, the work should be valuable for the research community, as well as drone operators and technology providers.
References
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[2] J. Fisher and T. L. Nygjelten, "Design of a Hydrogen Powered Drone - Part I: Structural Design," BSc Thesis, University of Stavanger, 2017.
[3] A. M. Blytt and B. Epland, "Design of a Hydrogen Powered Drone - Part II: Fuel Cell Implementation," BSc Thesis, University of Stavanger, 2017.
[4] "Global Drone Market Report 2020-2025." Drone Industry Insights. www.droneii.com/product/drone-market-report-2020-2025 (accessed April, 2021).
[5] "Equinor completes world's first logistics operation with a drone to an offshore installation." Equinor. www.equinor.com/no/news/20200828- drone-transport-troll.html (accessed April, 2021).
[6] T. Bakken et al., "Bruk av droner i nordområdene," SINTEF Digital, 2019:01284, 2019. [Online]. Available: http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2638193
[7] M. Hassanalian and A. Abdelkefi, "Classifications, applications, and design challenges of drones: A review," Progress in Aerospace Sciences, vol. 91, pp. 99-131, 2017
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2017.04.003
[8] B. Rao, A. G. Gopi, and R. Maione, "The societal impact of commercial drones," Technology in Society, vol. 45, pp. 83-90, 2016
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2016.02.009
[9] H. González-Jorge, J. Martínez-Sánchez, M. Bueno, and P. Arias, "Unmanned Aerial Systems for Civil Applications: A Review," Drones, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 2, 2017
https://doi.org/10.3390/drones1010002
[10] C. Mi and M. A. Masrur, "Electric Energy Sources and Storage Devices," in Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Principles and Applications with Practical Perspectives. Newark, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2018.
[11] "Fuel Cell Power For UAVs." Intelligent Energy Ltd. www.intelligent- energy.com/our-products/uavs/ (accessed April, 2021).
[12] "A hydrogen strategy for a climate-neutral Europe." European Commission. www.eur-lex.europa.eu/legal- content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0301 (accessed April, 2021).
[13] "Airbus studies fuel cell pods for future aircraft," Fuel Cells Bulletin, vol. 2021, no. 1, p. 6, 2021
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2859(21)00018-3
[14] "DLR's HY4 hydrogen aircraft cleared to fly," Fuel Cells Bulletin, vol. 2021, no. 1, p. 6, 2021
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2859(21)00016-X
[15] "ZeroAvia wins funding to bring its aviation powertrain to market," Fuel Cells Bulletin, vol. 2021, no. 1, p. 6, 2021
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2859(21)00017-1
[16] "Hydrogen-powered aviation - A fact-based study of hydrogen technology, economics, and climate impact by 2050." Clean Sky 2 JU and Fuel Cells & Hydrogen 2 JU. www.fch.europa.eu/press- releases/press-release-hydrogen-powered-aviation-preparing-take (accessed April, 2021).
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[18] H. Nazir et al., "Is the H2 economy realizable in the foreseeable future? Part III: H2 usage technologies, applications, and challenges and opportunities," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 45, no. 53, pp. 28217-28239, 2020
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.07.256
[19] T. H. Bradley, B. A. Moffitt, T. F. Fuller, D. N. Mavris, and D. E. Parekh, "Comparison of Design Methods for Fuel-Cell-Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicles," Journal of Aircraft, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 1945-1956, 2009, doi: www.doi.org/10.2514/1.41658.
[20] T. H. Bradley, B. A. Moffitt, D. N. Mavris, and D. E. Parekh, "Development and experimental characterization of a fuel cell powered aircraft," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 171, no. 2, pp. 793-801, 2007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.06.215
[21] T. Bradley, B. Moffitt, D. Parekh, and D. Mavris, "Flight test results for a fuel cell unmanned aerial vehicle," in 45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, AIAA 2007-32, 2007
https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2007-32
[22] T. H. Bradley, B. A. Moffitt, R. W. Thomas, D. N. Mavris, and D. E. Parekh, "Test Results for a Fuel Cell-Powered Demonstration Aircraft," SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3092, 2006
https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-3092
[23] T. H. Bradley, B. A. Moffitt, D. Mavris, and D. E. Parekh, "APPLICATIONS - TRANSPORTATION | Aviation: Fuel Cells," in Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources, J. Garche Ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009, pp. 186-192.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044452745-5.00342-7
[24] O. Z. Sharaf and M. F. Orhan, "An overview of fuel cell technology: Fundamentals and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 32, pp. 810-853, 2014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.012
[25] A. Gong and D. Verstraete, "Fuel cell propulsion in small fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles: Current status and research needs," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 42, no. 33, pp. 21311- 21333, 2017
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.06.148
[26] D. Verstraete, K. Lehmkuehler, A. Gong, J. R. Harvey, G. Brian, and J. L. Palmer, "Characterisation of a hybrid, fuel-cell-based propulsion system for small unmanned aircraft," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 250, pp. 204-211, 2014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.11.017
[27] E. Ozbek, G. Yalin, M. U. Karaoglan, S. Ekici, C. O. Colpan, and T. H. Karakoc, "Architecture design and performance analysis of a hybrid hydrogen fuel cell system for unmanned aerial vehicle," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 46, no. 30, pp. 16453-16464, 2021
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.12.216
[28] N. Lapeña-Rey, J. A. Blanco, E. Ferreyra, J. L. Lemus, S. Pereira, and E. Serrot, "A fuel cell powered unmanned aerial vehicle for low altitude surveillance missions," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 6926-6940, 2017
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.137
[29] A. Gong, J. L. Palmer, G. Brian, J. R. Harvey, and D. Verstraete, "Performance of a hybrid, fuel-cell-based power system during simulated small unmanned aircraft missions," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 41, no. 26, pp. 11418-11426, 2016
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.04.044
[30] D. Verstraete, A. Gong, D. D. C. Lu, and J. L. Palmer, "Experimental investigation of the role of the battery in the AeroStack hybrid, fuel-cell- based propulsion system for small unmanned aircraft systems," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 1598- 1606, 2015
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.11.043
[31] A. Savvaris, Y. Xie, K. Malandrakis, M. Lopez, and A. Tsourdos, "Development of a fuel cell hybrid-powered unmanned aerial vehicle," in 24th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, 21-24 June 2016, pp. 1242-1247
https://doi.org/10.1109/MED.2016.7536038
[32] M. N. Boukoberine, Z. Zhou, and M. Benbouzid, "A critical review on unmanned aerial vehicles power supply and energy management: Solutions, strategies, and prospects," Applied Energy, vol. 255, 113823, 2019
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113823
[33] M. E. Lussier, C. Detweiler, and J. Bradley, "Extending Endurance of Multicopters: The Current State-of-the-Art," in AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum, AIAA 2019-1790, 2019
https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-1790
[34] N. Belmonte, S. Staulo, S. Fiorot, C. Luetto, P. Rizzi, and M. Baricco, "Fuel cell powered octocopter for inspection of mobile cranes: Design, cost analysis and environmental impacts," Applied Energy, vol. 215, pp. 556-565, 2018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.072
[35] H. T. Arat and M. G. Sürer, "Experimental investigation of fuel cell usage on an air vehicle's hybrid propulsion system," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 45, no. 49, pp. 26370-26378, 2020, doi: www.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.09.242.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.09.242
[36] "Intelligent Energy powers two multirotor UAVs to new records," Fuel Cells Bulletin, no. 2, pp. 5-6, 2019
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2859(19)30051-3
[37] "Hycopter drones from HES Energy for safety inspection of hydropower dams in Brazil," Fuel Cells Bulletin, no. 9, p. 1, 2019
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2859(19)30355-4
[38] M. McNabb. "Doosan Fuel Cell Drone Makes 43 Mile Medical Delivery." www.dronelife.com/2019/11/15/doosan-fuel-cell-drone- makes-43-mile-medical-delivery/ (accessed April, 2021).
[39] "DMI drone flight for city construction demo," Fuel Cells Bulletin, vol. 2020, no. 11, p. 6, 2020
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2859(20)30507-1
[40] "Doosan Mobility Innovation demos fuel cell drone for Africa," Fuel Cells Bulletin, no. 4, p. 6, 2020
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2859(20)30146-2
[41] "Doosan Mobility Innovation demos fuel cell drones in sea crossing, river patrol," Fuel Cells Bulletin, vol. 2020, no. 12, p. 5, 2020
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2859(20)30146-2
[42] "Nordic Unmanned in hydrogen drone flight," Fuel Cells Bulletin, vol. 2021, no. 1, pp. 5-6, 2021
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2859(21)00014-6
[43] "Er hydrogendroner fremtiden?" FFI. www.ffi.no/aktuelt/nyheter/er- hydrogendroner-fremtiden (accessed April, 2021).
[44] "Droner på hydrogen skal fordoble rekkevidden." Teknisk Ukeblad. www.tu.no/artikler/droner-pa-hydrogen-skal-fordoble-rekkevidden- br/508695 (accessed April, 2021).
[45] "Nordic Unmanned Completes Scandinavias First Hydrogen Fuel Cell Flight." www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=--kaI7htlf4 (accessed April, 2021).
[46] "Staaker BG200." Nordic Unmanned. www.nordicunmanned.com/products/unmanned-systems- drones/staaker-bg200/ (accessed April, 2021).
[47] Regulation (EU) 2019/947 on the rules and procedures for the operation of unmanned aircraft, 2019.
[48] Regulation (EU) 2019/945 on unmanned aircraft systems and on third- country operators of unmanned aircraft systems, 2019.
[49] "Guidelines on Design verification of UAS operated in the 'specific' category and classified in SAIL III and IV." EASA. www.easa.europa.eu/newsroom-and-events/press-releases/easa-issues- guidelines-design-verification-drones-operated (accessed April, 2021).
[50] "CS - Light UAS Special Condition for Light Unmanned Aircraft Systems - Medium Risk." EASA. www.easa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/dfu/special_condition_sc_light- uas_medium_risk_01.pdf (accessed April, 2021).
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October 7, 2021
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